| "Muhmmad," Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world• Jerry Bently, Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times New York: Oxford University Press, 1993 ,126 | |
|---|---|
| Dunn University of California Press, 1986 ,245 |
| Samatar, Somalia: Nation in Search of a State, Westview Press: 1987 , p | 597, which notes that many of the details surrounding Muhammad's life as given in the biographies, are "problematic in certain respects, the most important of which is that they represent a tradition of living narrative that is likely to have developed orally for a considerable period before it was given even a relatively fixed written form |
|---|---|
| Leften Stavros Stavrianos, The world to 1500: a global history, Prentice-Hall, 1970 , p |
Jerry Bently, Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times New York: Oxford University Press, 1993 ,131.
27| The Bustan al-Ukul, by Nathanael ibn al-Fayyumi, edited and translated by David Levine, Columbia University Oriental Studies Vol | Jerry Bently, Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times New York: Oxford University Press, 1993 ,121 |
|---|---|