جلس علي بن ابي طالب رضي الله عنه في مكة بعد الهجرة بأمر من النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم وذلك. استمرت خلافه علي بن ابي طالب تسع سنوات؟

Lapidus 2002 , pp 0	Kafih Jerusalem, 1984 , ch

هجرة الرسول من مكة إلى المدينة

فصل: سرية علي بن أبي طالب رضي الله عنه إلى بني سعد بن بكر بفدك: Hitti, History of the Arabs, 10th edition 1970 , p
جلس علي بن ابي طالب رضي الله عنه في مكة بعد الهجرة بأمر من النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم وذلك،: See, for example, Bowersock, Glen Warren, Peter Robert Lamont Brown and Oleg Grabar Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World 1999, Harvard University Press p
جلس علي بن ابي طالب رضي الله عنه في مكة بعد الهجرة بأمر من النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم وذلك: "Muhmmad," Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world• The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate

however, there is no relevant archaeological, epigraphic, or numismatic evidence dating from the time of Muhammad, nor are there any references to him in non-Muslim sources dating from the period before 632	Seeing Islam as others saw it: a survey and evaluation of Christian, Jewish, Robert G
	Encyclopedia of Holy Prophet and Companions

The Prophet's Establishing a State and His Succession.

تخطيط النبي في الهجرة إلى المدينة
جلس علي بن أبي طالب في مكة بعد الهجرة: El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs 2004, Harvard University Press p
جلس علي بن ابي طالب رضي الله عنه في مكة بعد الهجرة بأمر من النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم وذلك: Moreover, many of them provide evidence of embellishment and invention that were introduced to serve the purposes of political or religious apologetic

These sources contain internal complexities, anachronisms, discrepancies, and contradictions	Ideally, one would like to be able to check such accounts against contemporary evidence
Denis Gril, Miracles, , Brill, 2007	Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia

سيدنا محمد: Encyclopedia of Holy Prophet and Companions
جلس علي بن أبي طالب في مكة بعد الهجرة: The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate
ما سبب بقاء علي بن ابي طالب في مكة بعد الهجرة: 5, "One major challenge to examining initial contacts between Byzantium and the early Muslim umma arises from the controversy surrounding the traditional Islamic account